Axioms for the Euclidean Plane Here is a set theoretic version of Tarski's axioms where: p is the set of points in the Euclidean plane. B(x,y,z) means y is between x and z. Or y is on the line segment xz, possibly at the endpoints. m(a,b)=m(c,d) means the length (or measure) of lines segments ab and cd are equal. It is like a metric in p, except that it assigns no value to the distance between two points. It indicates only when points are equidistant. Note that the transitiviy of "=" is built into DC Proof. Let p be a set, the set of points in the Euclidean plane 1 Set(p) Premise Identity of Betweeness 2 ALL(a):ALL(b):[a ε p & b ε p & B(a,b,a) => a=b] Premise Existence of at least three non-collinear points in p.(More than 1 dimension) 3 EXIST(a):EXIST(b):EXIST(c):[a ε p & b ε p & c ε p & ~B(a,c,b) & ~B(b,a,c) & ~B(a,b,c)] Premise Axiom of Pasch. Line segments, which connect any two vertices of a given triangle with the sides opposite the vertices, will intersect at a point inside the triangle. 4 ALL(a):ALL(b):ALL(c):ALL(d):ALL(e):[a ε p & b ε p & c ε p & d ε p & e ε p & B(a,d,b) & B(b,e,c) => EXIST(f):[f ε p & B(a,f,e) & B(c,f,d)]] Premise Identity of Congruence 5 ALL(a):ALL(b):ALL(c):[a ε p & b ε p & c ε p & m(a,b)=m(c,c) => a=b] Premise Reflexivity of Congruence 6 ALL(a):ALL(b):[a ε p & b ε p => m(a,b)=m(b,a)] Premise Segment Construction. Given any two line segments ab and cd, ab can be "extended" by a line segment congruent to cd. 7 ALL(a):ALL(b):ALL(c):ALL(d):[a ε p & b ε p & c ε p & d ε p => EXIST(e):[e ε p & B(a,b,e) & m(b,e)=m(c,d)]] Premise Three points c, d, e, which are equidistant from two distinct points a, b, determine a line. (Less than 3 dimensions) 8 ALL(a):ALL(b):ALL(c):ALL(d):ALL(e):[a ε p & b ε p & c ε p & d ε p & e ε p & ~a=b & m(a,c)=m(b,c) & m(a,d)=m(b,d) & m(a,e)=m(b,e) => B(c,d,e) | B(c,e,d) | B(e,c,d)] Premise Axiom of Euclid. Given any angle abc and any point e in its interior, there exists a line segment fg, which includes e, with an endpoint on each side of the angle. 9 ALL(a):ALL(b):ALL(c):ALL(d):ALL(e):[a ε p & b ε p & c ε p & d ε p & e ε p & B(b,d,e) & B(a,d,c) & ~b=d => EXIST(f):EXIST(g):[f ε p & g ε p & B(b,a,f) & B(b,c,g) & B(f,e,g)]] Premise Five Segment. Given any two triangles abc and a'b'c', with d on ac and d' on a'c', ab=a'b', ad=a'd', dc=d'c', and bd=b'd', then bc=b'c' and both triangles are congruent. 10 ALL(a):ALL(a'):ALL(b):ALL(b'):ALL(c):ALL(c'):ALL(d):ALL(d'):[a ε p & a' ε p & b ε p & b' ε p & c ε p & c' ε p & d ε p & d' ε p & ~a=d & B(a,d,c) & B(a',d',c') & m(a,b)=m(a',b') & m(a,d)=m(a',d') & m(d,c)=m(d',c') & m(b,d)=m(b',d') => m(b,c)=m(b',c')] Premise Axiom of Continuity. For any two subsets a, b of p if there exists d such that all elements of a are between d and all elements of b, then there exists a g such that g is between all elements of a and all elements of b. 11 ALL(a):ALL(b):[Set(a) & Set(b) & ALL(c):[c ε a => c ε p] & ALL(c):[c ε b => c ε p] & EXIST(d):[d ε p & ALL(e):ALL(f):[e ε a & f ε b => B(d,e,f)]] => EXIST(g):[g ε p & ALL(h):ALL(i):[h ε a & i ε a => B(h,g,i)]]] Premise